|
The Mordvins, also ''Mordva'', ''Mordvinians'', ''Mordovians'' (/Erzyat, /Mokshet, (タタール語:мухшилар)/Muhshilar, (ロシア語:мордва)/Mordva; for Qaratai: (ロシア語:каратаи)/Karatayi), are the members of a people speaking a Mordvinic language of the Uralic language family and living mainly in republic of Mordovia and other parts of the middle Volga River region of Russia The Mordvins are one of the larger indigenous peoples of Russia. They identify themselves as separate ethnic groups:〔 the Erzya and Moksha, besides the smaller subgroups of the ''Qaratay'', ''Teryukhan'' and ''Tengushev'' (or ''Shoksha'') Mordvins who have become fully Russified or Turkified during the 19th to 20th centuries. Less than one third of Mordvins live in the autonomous republic of Mordovia; the rest are scattered over the Russian oblasts of Samara, Penza, Orenburg and Nizhny Novgorod, as well as Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Central Asia, Siberia, Far East, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the United States. The Erzya Mordvins (, ''Erzyat''; also ''Erzia'', ''Erza''), who speak Erzya, and the Moksha Mordvins (, ''Mokshet''), who speak Moksha, are the two major groups. The Qaratay Mordvins live in the Kama Tamağı District of Tatarstan, and have shifted to speaking Tatar, albeit with a large proportion of Mordvin vocabulary (substratum). The Teryukhan, living in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of Russia, switched to Russian in the 19th century. The Teryukhans recognize the term ''Mordva'' as pertaining to themselves, whereas the Qaratay also call themselves ''Muksha''. The Tengushev Mordvins live in southern Mordovia and are a transitional group between Moksha and Erzya. The western Erzyans are also called ''Shoksha'' (or ''Shoksho''). They are isolated from the bulk of the Erzyans, and their dialect/language has been influenced by the Mokshan dialects. ==Names== While Robert G. Latham had identified ''Mordva'' as a self-designation, identifying it as a variant of the name ''Mari'', Aleksey Shakhmatov in the early 20th century noted that ''Mordva'' was not used as a self-designation by the two Mordvinic tribes of the Erzya and Moksha. Nikolai Mokshin again states that the term has been used by the people as an internal self-defining term to constitute their common origin. Professor Gábor Zaicz underlines that the Mordvins do not use the name 'Mordvins' as self-designation.〔(Language death and language maintenance: theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Edited by Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol – 2003 – Language Arts & Disciplines – pages 244, ISBN 90-272-4752-8 )〕 Professor Feoktistov wrote "So-called Tengushev Mordvins are Erzyans who speak Erzyan dialect with Mokshan substratum and in fact they are ethnography group of Erzyans usually referred to as Shokshas. That was Erzyans who historically referred to as Mordvins and Mokshas usually were mentioned separately as "Mokshas". There is no evidence Mokshas and Erzyas were an ethnic unity in prehistory".〔Feoktistov A.P. K probleme mordovsko-tyurkskikh yazykovykh kontaktov // Etnogenez mordovskogo naroda. – Saransk, 1965. – P.331-343〕 Isabelle T. Keindler writes: "Gradually major differences developed in customs, language and even physical appearance (until their conversion to Christianity the Erzia and Moksha did not intermarry and even today intermarriage is rare.) The two subdivisions of Mordvinians share no folk heroes in common – their old folksongs sing only of local heroes. Neither language has a common term to designate either themselves or their language. When a speaker wishes to refer to Mordvinians as a whole, he must use the term "Erzia and Moksha" The ethnonym ''Mordva'' is possibly attested in Jordanes' ''Getica'' in the form of ''Mordens'' who were among the subjects of the Crimean Gothic king Ermanaric.〔(Getica XIII, 116) "Among the tribes he () conquered were the Golthescytha, Thiudos, Inaunxis, Vasinabroncae, Merens, Mordens, Imniscaris, Rogas, Tadzans, Athaul, Navego, Bubegenae and Coldae" — ''The Origin and Deeds of the Goths'' (116).〕 A land called ''Mordia'' at a distance of ten days journey from the Petchenegs is mentioned in Constantine VII' ''De administrando imperio''. In medieval European sources the names ''Merdas, Merdinis, Merdium, Mordani, Mordua, Morduinos'' have appeared. In the Russian Primary Chronicle the ethnonyms ''Mordva'' and ''mordvichi'' first appear in the 11th century. After the Mongol invasion of Rus' the name Mordvin rarely gets mentioned in Russian annals and is only quoted after the Primary Chronicle up until the 15th–17th century.〔(Kirjanov 1971, 148–149) Laslo〕〔Kappeler (1982) Taagepera〕 The name ''Mordva'' is thought to originate from an Iranian (Scythian) word ''mard'' meaning "man". The Mordvin word ''mirde'' denoting a husband or spouse is traced to the same origin. This word is also probably related to the final syllable of "Udmurt", and also in (コミ語:''mort'') and perhaps even in . 'Erzya' is thought to derive from the (ペルシア語:''arshan'') – man. The first written mention of ''Erzya'' is considered to be in a letter dated to 968 AD by Joseph the Khazar khaqan in the form of ''arisa'', and sometimes thought to be in the works of Strabo and Ptolemy called as ''Aorsy'' and ''Arsiity'' respectively. Estakhri from the 10th century has recorded among the three groups of the Rus people the ''al-arsanija'' whose king lived in the town of ''Arsa''. The people have sometimes identified by scholars as Erzya, sometimes as the ''aru'' people and also as Udmurts. It has been suggested by historians that the town ''Arsa'' may refer to either the modern Ryazan or Arsk〔 In the 14th century the name Erzya is considered to be mentioned in the form of ''ardzhani'' by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani,〔(Sbornik... 1941, 96) see László〕 and as ''rzjan'' by Jusuf, the Nogaj khan〔(Safargaliev 1964, 12) László〕 In Russian sources the ethnonym Erza first appears in the 18th century.〔(Mokshin 1977, 47) László〕 'Moksha' is thought to derive from the name of the Moksha River (an Iranian hydronym in origin, cognate to (サンスクリット:''moksha'') "releasing, causing to flow").〔all according to Mokshin (1995), p. 32.〕 The earliest written mention of Moksha in the form of Moxel is considered to be in the works of a 13th-century Flemish traveler William of Rubruck and in the Persian chronicle Rashid-al-Din who reported the Golden Horde being in war with the Moksha and the Ardzhans (Erzia). In Russian sources 'Moksha' appears from the 17th century〔(Mokshin 1977, 47)László〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mordvins」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|